which led to serious disturbances, was rigorously suppressed. Frequent and not too discriminate use of the guillotine was made and villages were burnt on suspicion of harbouring undesirable persons. French authority was, however, never seriously endangered. 5. In 1936 the various parties, whose primary objects were Nationalist and Independent, came together under the VIET MINH or ANNAMITE UNITED INDEPENDENCE PARTY. Later in 1940 the activities of the VIET MINH resulted in the recrudescence of serious disorders, which were again suppressed by the French by much the same methods as in 1930-31.