to engage in further air commitments. Her troops are fully occupied either in garrisoning the more important cities or in holding the long and vulnerable lines of communication. Morale 5. (a) Fighting Forces. There are a number of factors which cause a low state of morale in the Chinese Army and so reduce its fighting value. These are the lack of equipment and ammunition, the lack of good and trained officers, particularly senior officers, the lack of military tradition in the Chinese nation and the Chinese inability ever to withstand a determined Japanese attack.